One Simple Tip About Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples Exposed

One Simple Tip About Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples Exposed Your writing has to be brief and concise. You need to make sure you plan your paper out so you create a cohesive piece. The essay is also an opportunity for those readers of your application to have a feel for you as somebody. Again, avoiding the impression that only 1 sort of writing is accomplished by the author is critical. The Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples Cover Up Action movies are usually loud and have lots of fighting, racing, and adventurous things in the movie. Horror movies on the opposite hand have lots of scary things in the movies. People in reality shows can influence teenagers to make more drama because of all of the drama that's produced on the show. Television shows like Teen Mom can make teenagers feel that it's fine to get pregnant at a youthful age. Popular culture and societal ideals have zero connection. Virtue requires the proper desire and the most suitable reason. Before discussing the function of society, it should be clarified what we actually mean by society. Generally, a society usually means a huge group of folks residing in a place or within a country below the control of same laws, values and culture. Music also glamorizes promiscuity and relations with numerous people simultaneously. After deciding what topic to concentrate on, students will want to appear deeply into the culture they're so involved in so that they can definitely see how they're affected. They can choose any topic for their culture essay, but they need to make sure that their readers are knowledgeable about the culture they are going to write about. Vital Pieces of Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples The secret is in locating the suitable factor to write about. If you are in need of a fantastic culture essay example but have no clue how to choose one, try to remember that you are able to get superior help with your assignments at any moment. Just make certain that you get information you have to have in writing so you are not going to have much a difficult time getting started. At times, the best method to learn and understand new information is via seeing and understanding work which is already completed. N ew Step by Step Roadmap for Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples What you should do is to talk about the topic. Always keep in mind that the crucial element to have an excellent writing is to realize the topic. It's also preferable that the chosen theme isn't overused because it is able to make your teacher get rid of interest in your essay and quit reading it altogether. Drafting and planning along with researching should be done in order to have a simple writing. The essay cannot be written according to standard essay scheme due to the reason that the thesis statements along with conclusions are blurry. Do not present any new evidence but also do not attempt to make it like a very simple summary. Everything is based on the kind of essay you are handling. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with. If you should locate a topic for your essay by yourself, give attention to the web. It can be difficult to choose 1 thing to concentrate on from the many pop culture essay topics accessible to write about. The Do's and Don'ts of Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples It's advantageous since it makes a frequent ground for people from vastly different backgrounds. Although plenty of people from common professions are unlikely to produce your list, for example firemen, there has to be some well-known figures that have had an impact for you. Pop culture is a vast field of distinct points it's possible to cover with your paper. The majority of people can identify what's being displayed in the painting, as a result of image being pulled from popular culture. The Unexpected Truth About Pop Culture Topic Essay Samples Teachers tend to understand about pop culture because they around young people on a normal basis. Teenagers are affected by pop culture in nearly every facet of life whether it's music, media, celebrities, fashion, and sometimes even literature. They believe that they must look like the celebrities do because they're rich and famous. They think that because celebrities wear something specific, they should too. Folks will purchase clothing based on what their favourite celebrities wear. The movies that we watch isn't effected by social networking. Pop culture is a rather intriguing topic to explore, especially if you truly like its products. It can be intriguing to take a look at what trends become popular and the length of time they last.

The Ethics of Cloning Essays - 2173 Words

Imagine living in a society where performing a certain process, a perfect genetically identical copy of a biological entity could be produced (Cloning Fact Sheet, 1). This process is called cloning, and essentially it takes from one’s own genetic makeup to produce an exact replica. These exact replicas, known as clones, can benefit our society in many different ways; however, these benefits are not without great controversy and concerns. Proponents of cloning suggest that through cloning, humans can experience a greater quality of life with fewer health concerns including hunger and reproduction. Cloning consist of three different types. Gene, Reproductive, and Therapeutic cloning are equally valuable in their own rights (Cloning Fact†¦show more content†¦Today the average person understands that cloning is defined as making genetically identical copies of a single cell or organism (McCuen, 11). In layman terms this means human beings can now created their perfect ver sion of a desired outcome whether it be plants, animals, or potentially humans. On February 24, 1997 history was made. The first cloned adult mammal was born through somatic cell nuclear transfer (McCuen, 11). Somatic cell nuclear transfer is when a nucleus of a mammary gland is removed and fused with an egg by using electrical pulses. The pulses prompt the egg to divide to form an embryo. The embryo is then transferred to a uterus where it is implanted to grow (McCuen, 10). Before the creation of Dolly, many scientists were unsuccessful in their attempts to produce a genetically identical copy of a cell. In the rare occasion that they were successful in their attempts, they would soon be discouraged due to the inability of the clone to sustain life. It took hundreds of attempts before Dolly’s team of scientist could obtain a successfully cloned sheep. Of the 277 successful transfers, only 29 became embryos. And of these 29 embryos, Dolly was the sole survivor (Sweat, 1). Wha t sets Dolly apart from previous clones is the fact that she was cloned differently. Dolly was cloned not from sex cells but from mature mammal cells with no reproductive function (Sweat, 1). Even though Dolly was aShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Cloning894 Words   |  4 PagesPeriod 6 The ethics of cloning Early in 1997, Scottish scientist Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed to the world that he had successfully cloned an adult sheep, Dolly. With this invention, the world made a aggregate astonishment at the realization that cloning was no longer an aspect of a Science Fiction movie. Since then, human cloning has become one of the most expressing divergent topics in the world, discussions began regarding the ethic consequence of human cloning. In several recent opponentsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning890 Words   |  4 Pages The ethics of cloning Early in 1997, Scottish scientist Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed to the world that he had successfully cloned an adult sheep, Dolly. With this invention, the world made a aggregate astonishment at the realization that cloning was no longer an aspect of a Science Fiction movie. Since then, human cloning has become one of the most expressing divergent topics in the world, discussions began regarding the ethic consequence of human cloning. In several recent opponents argue thatRead MoreHuman Cloning Ethics1908 Words   |  8 PagesKant and Kass Tackle the Cloning Dilemma Although there are some important benefits to the use of human cloning, there are also moral challenges as well. The benefits include eradicating defective genes and infertility and a quicker recovery from traumatic injuries among other advantages. However, the disadvantages are truly thought provoking as first an individual must answer the question, â€Å"When does a human life begin?† This paper will oppose the use of human cloning on the basis that life beginsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning918 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates about the ethics of in-vitro fertilization, preimplantation, stem cell research, demographic control, for example, by sterilization, genetic modification for health or physical enhancement, and human cloning. The idea of human cloning is most interesting because it is most mysterious and very complex. The topic of human cloning inclusively brings up issues also raised in the mentioned technologies. Human cloning is of two types: therapeutic and reproductive. Therapeutic cloning aims to produceRead More The Ethics of Cloning Essay2111 Words   |  9 Pagesfreaky? Although cloning is not an important issue presently, it could potentially replace sexual reproduction as our method of producing children. Cloning is a dangerous possibility because it could lead to an over-emphasis on the importance of the genotype, no guaranteed live births, and present risks to both the cloned child and surrogate mother. It also violates the biological parent-child relationship and can cause the destruction of the normal structure of a family. The cloning of the deceasedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesis created, and this act of reproductive cloning is regarded with controversy; is it morally permissible, or is it morally grotesque. There are certain elements to consider when debating the ethics of human cloning. Leon Kass in his article â€Å"The Wisdom of Repugnance† contends that reproductive cloning is morally corrupt, describing it as offensive, repulsive, and repugnant, believing these terms to be commonly associated with regards to human cloning. Kass goes forth with his arguments byRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning2096 Words   |  9 Pagesreproductive cloning. The very prospect of cloning was introduced in the early 1900s, but only recently has made a notable impact on society. It truly is a thing of science fiction; a concept that most of society is familiar with through books and movies, but is not contemplated with much seriousness. But following the numerous successes in the cloning of animals and food that have piqued the interest of the scientific community, debates about the possibility and the ethics of human cloning have beenRead MoreThe Ethics of Human Cloning Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesHuman cloning is separated into two major categories; reproductive cloning, which uses cloning technology to create a human embryo that will produce an entire human, and therapeutic, which adopt cloning into field of medical practices to find a cure for many diseases (Kass). Reproductive cloning requires a somatic cell, a DNA-less egg, and a surrogate mother; as a result, it creates a new individual with the same genome, or genetic coding. The idea originated in Germany in 1938, but the first successfulRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay example1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethics of Cloning On February 27, 1997, it was reported that scientists produced the first clone of an adult sheep, attracting international attention and raising questions on the morality of cloning. Within days, the public had called for ethics inquires and new laws banning cloning. Issues are now raised over the potentially destructive side of this scientific frontier. Many people are morally opposed to the possible consequences of women being able to give birth to themselves, or scientistsRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Richard Dawkins â€Å"Cloning may be good and it may be bad. Probably its a bit of both. The question must not be greeted with reflex hysteria but decided quietly, soberly and on its own merits. We need less emotion and more thought† (Dawkins, 2011). Cloning is a general term used to describe the replication of biological material (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2009). Throughout this paper the reasoning behind why cloning is an accept able and potentially life changing science will be examined

Construction And Manufacturing Copyright â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction And Manufacturing Copyright? Answer: Introduction In the present planning and completing a project within calculated time and budget has become a tough challenge. It is becoming harder for the engineers to complete their projects as per the calculated time. As per the operations, there are few obstacles while planning and scheduling the construction of the Grand mosque. Hereby, this report has been prepared to discuss the problems that are creating the challenge to complete the project on calculated time and budget. Thereby, as per the complete analysis about the same, there are a few proposals which can help the team to complete the project in an exact way Report This report has been prepared to give the details about the scenario and the issues, which have been come up, while complete the task as per the planned task. However, with the complete analysis of the issues, there are some ways, which may help the team has also been discussed over. As per the schedule and planning, the project needs to get completed within 9 days. However, on the last day of working the team has reached a 1.17m depth of excavation as planned. Therefore, an unexpected hard rock layer has been found by the team which has now created a challenge for the project. Our consultant was then present at the site and he has advised that the team has to reach 1.5m depth as per the diagram. The planned calculations for Activity B (Excavation) were; Activity B Soil type Quantity Rate per Day Working days Rent per Day Total Cost Sand 2500 200 9 200 2500 Table .1 The calculated working day was 9 within which the Excavation should be completed. Now the team has already completed 77 % of the work as per the schedule this activity. Now as the Hard Rock layer has been found so now it is important to bring rock Breaker. This will not only increase the budget but also will exceed the time period of the project (Rees, 2003). Now it is important to hire a breaker machine on rent to complete the task and the charges of excavation is 100 m3/ day The cost of renting the machine 250 O.R / Day Soil type Quantity Rate per Day Working days Rent per Day Total Cost Sand 1900 200 6 200 1500 Hard 600 100 6 250 2200 Total 12 Total 3700 Table.2 Hence, the schedule will exceed and the modified one will take 12 working days instead of 9 and this will make the project 9 days behind the planned period. However, not merely the duration but this will also affect the cost and budget of the project (Nagarajan, 2004). The modified cost for the activity B will become 3700+ indirect costs for 3 days in spite of 2500, this will lead the project over budget. The project had been planned by keeping factors in mind likewise: Investment decision Working Capital decision Financing decision Even, Financing decisions are influenced by the Microeconomic factors: Level of risk, liquidity position, Macroeconomics factor: The state of economy Government policy If we compare the previous excavation cost and time and modify cost and time it is creating a huge difference in the plan. Thereafter, it has been assumed that the costs to exceed surface mining costs. Now it has become important to review that presumption to analyze the core elements of costs in every case and to compare the costs for the same (Chitkara, 2013). There are few reasons that are nursing alleged cost effectiveness based on hard rock industry. They contain labor intensity, equipment, higher energy efficiency and some operations like ground control, supplies etc. Manpower need to be increased with arise the problem in order to complete the project on time (Dykstra, 2011). This will create over budget issues Indirect cost and direct both. Equipment cost will also increase the rent of breaker will also include in the expenses. The increased days of working will definitely increase indirect costs for the project (Clough, 2015). The rent of the Breaker and if tried to hire more labor then also it will increase the cost as extra labor will be over budget as per the planned budget. The processes employed in budgeting is contained to an understanding of cost control and cost estimation. Purchasing of raw materials Transportation cost Tools of small values Fuel oil Machinery spares Wages and salaries paid to production workers Staff Supervisor and other staff Costs are given to the subcontractors regarding the orders that have been placed Total Cost of production line rejections, wastages, breakdown and modify The analysis has shown us various factors that are affecting the esteemed planned. Henceforth, the modification has become mandatory to find out any kind of solution for this. So here are some of the ideas that may help to deal with the current scenario. Particular 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week Problem Identification Preparing the Literature Review Analysis of the gathered data Research gap Framing of the aims and objectives of the research Primary data collection Scrutiny of data Explanation and interpretation Finding valid conclusion Submission Figure .1 In order to bring out the appropriate solution, it was important to research accurately. The above-prepared chart has detailed the process of submission. As per the reviewed network and activities sequences, the solution that has been observed is overlap (Dou, 2016). The team can overlap 5 days between activity G and H in spite of working in a sequence. The description has been given below with the help of the table which will help understand the entire activity. Activity Description Immediate Predecessors Time Duration (Days) A Excavation A 9 B Install rough Plumbing B 21 C Cleaning and Securing of the site - 3 D Reinforced concrete for plinth Beams works AND Filling C 25 E Install Rough electrical wiring D 7 F Outside plaster E 10 G Wall Tiles For Toilets Imam House Kitchen F 15 H Floor Ceramic Tiles F 11 I Waterproof and Roof Sloop concrete G 8 J Inside plaster I, J 5 K Inside painting G 4 L Outside Painting H 10 M External Works M, K 25 N Reinforced concrete for ground floor Columns And Slab L 45 O Doors and Windows N 21 P Install Plumbing Fixtures O, Q 9 Q Marking, Reinforced concrete works O, Q 6 R SRC solid blocks work for super structure works L 10 S Install Electric Fixyures I,J 8 T SRC Solid blocks work for periphery outside the building under the plinth beam K 7 U Handing Over of completed work Leave in a fit condition for occupation: P,R,S 5 Table .3 Overlapping activity G and H can save the extra 3 days as well as will help the project to complete it as per the schedule but will add another critical path and this can increase the risk. Then the modification will create 2 critical paths and there the team has to work with the new technique to reduce the risk. Consisting of two critical paths will increase project risk but the help of this solution can be found for the problem of the team. Original Planned Modified Activity Code Immediate Predecessors Duration Days Total Direct Cost Duration Days Total Direct Cost A A 9 1500 12 1500 B B 21 6950 21 6000 C - 3 500 3 500 D C 25 1700 25 2000 E D 7 650 7 650 F E 10 2500 10 2500 G F 15 3000 15 3000 H F 11 1800 11 2000 I G 8 900 8 900 J I,J 5 600 5 600 K G 4 550 4 550 L H 10 2000 10 2000 M M,K 25 4040 25 4040 N L 45 10,000 45 10,000 O N 21 5050 21 5050 P O,Q 9 3500 9 3500 Q O,Q 6 750 6 750 R L 10 2500 10 2500 S I,J 8 1200 8 1200 T K 7 900 5 900 U P,R,S 5 800 4 800 Total 51390 Total 50940 Table .4 With the above classifications, it has been clearly analyzed that it is possible to maintain the budget as well as the duration of the project. The modification brings out another critical path with which new calculation has been generated and that may help the team (Jha, 2011). The estimation of Activity E The cost of RCC foundation including labor = 80 O.R/m3, 38 x 80 = 3040 O.R. Imported filling including machine + labor charge = 1.5 O.R / m3, 750x1.5=1125 As per this calculation, the solution which can be used to maintain our budget is using the selected excavated material after use screen Estimated selected excavated material after use screen + labor charge = 0.5 O.R/m3, 750x0.5=375 This will help us to save 750 O.R. the project will be under budget Working Days Direct Cost Indirect Cost/Day Sum Indirect Cost Total Cost Planned Baseline 160 51390 100 16000 67390 Modified Baseline 160 50940 100 16000 66940 Table .5 With this modified baseline it is possible to control the budget and the time for the project. The construction is possible with the help of modification as per the analysis of the complete problem. It is important to maintain the budget and time so if excavated materials are getting used and overlapping the G and H activity it will reduce the project risk (Munier, 2012). As per the modified base line, our direct cost will become 50940 that are even less than the previously planned baseline. Conclusion The entire problem of over budgeting and increase of planned duration while excavation because of the finding of Hard Rock layer while reaching 1.17 m deep has made the project has made challenging one. In order to bring the appropriate solution, it was important to analyze and modify the entire calculation which has generated two critical paths. Two Critical paths may generate a bit of risk in the project. Although with the complete analysis the solution that has been understood is the overlapping of few business-law as well as the using the selected excavated materials instead of imported one may help reduce the risk of the project. Overlapping of two activities that are activity G and H has not only helped to maintain the duration of the budget but has also helped to maintain the budget. As shown in the table that the total cost of modified baseline is 66940 which obviously less than the previously planned base line. References Carmichael, D (2000) Contracts and International Project Management. CRC Press. copyright Chitkara, K (2013) Construction Project Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Copyright Clough, R (2015) Construction Project Management. John Willey Sons. Copyright Dou, R (2016) Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial..Vol2. Springer. Copyright Dykstra, A (2011) Construction Project Management. Kirshner Publishing Company Jha, K (2011) Construction Project Management: Theory and Practice. SAGE Publication Munier, N (2012) Project Management for Environmental, Construction and Manufacturing. psychology. Copyright Nagarajan, K (2004) Project Management. New Age International. Copyright Ramakrishna, K (2010) Essentials of Project Management. PHI Learning Pvt Ltd. Copyright Rees, G (2003) Civil Engineering Project Management Fourth Edition. Elsevier. Copyright

Slaver Peparations Are Wrong Essays - Slavery, Racism,

Slaver Peparations Are Wrong Slavery Reparations Are Wrong Ladies and gentlemen; I don't believe that anyone in this chamber would move to disagree with the idea that slavery was an atrocity, committed from the depths of the darkest parts of the human sole. Africans were seized from their native land, and sold into lives of servitude into a foreign land. Indeed, it was a tragedy on such a scale that cannot be measured nor quantified. And it is this very notion of unquantifiable tragedy which speaks to the matter of reparations for slavery. To be quite blunt, reparations, even if they may be deserved, are not feasible under any system or economic tangent - indeed such an undertaking would only not remedy the situation, but it would sink Africa and her people deeper into the cycle of poverty and oppression that they have so struggled to free themselves. While the arguments against reparations may seem shallow or self-serving to advocates of such a system, upon examination, the logistics of what to give, and whom to distribute it to, preclude any potential benefits of such a system of indemnity and requite. The point of the follow critique is not to say that Africans were not mistreated, nor that they are not worthy of reparations, but that perhaps reparations are not an adequate solution to this situation, and indeed will only serve to worsen. Africa is a continent in dire straits. European colonization and colonialism damaged the native structure and society - some might say that this simply proves that European man caused, and ought to pay for, the damages done to Africa and her people. However, I would argue that simply placing a 'band-aid' blanket over Africa, would serve only to mask their problems, and relieve us of our guilt. It was this same attitude that the early European missionaries took with Africa - that they are not capable of dealing with their own problems and situations. Authors suggest that reparations should take the form of capital transfers and African status in the International Monetary Fund (Mazuri, 22). Does this sound like mending the deep running wounds and damage done to Africa, or like a transfer of monetary funds in order to fix Africa? Indeed, this idea of presenting money to Africa in order to apologize for what we have done is nothing more than a quick fix solution - it is not a long-term remedy for the underlying structural damage. The very center of Africa has been changed, for better or for worse. Surface solutions, while some may claim they are a good beginning or perhaps just a token of our apologetic state, will only further social damage and entrench abusive African regimes. A cognate situation with African Americans is with that of Afrocentric history (Asante, 174); many suggest that perhaps we ought to provide black student with their own curriculum, such as to instill in them a sense of pride that will improve their education. The U.S. News and World Report comments: The Afrocentric curriculum is usually presented as an attempt to develop pride in black children by giving them a racial history But what kind of pride and self-esteem is likely to grow from false history? And how much more cynical will black children be if they discover that they have been conned once again, only this time by Afrocentrists? It is a sure-fire formula for separatism and endless racial animosity (Leo, 26) This author suggests that indeed, conferring upon youths of African descent their own different history will not only further the racial segregation, but also provide them with a false sense of history, fueling the animosity. If the rest of the world were to suddenly step down and bestow upon Africa special privileges and grants, it would only create a sense among the global village that Africans are 'different' and require some sort of special assistance in order to succeed. This type of compensatory system would not only be insufficient to ever repay blacks for the injustice to them, but also further the rigid separatism that plagues African Americans today - what they need is equality, not special programs catered to what guilty-feeling Europeans feel they owe them. Aside

Play Analysis of Noises Off Essays

Play Analysis of Noises Off Essays Play Analysis of Noises Off Essay Play Analysis of Noises Off Essay Through reading the play Noises Off, one is able to see the characters trying to present the play Nothing On.The action takes place in numerous theatres, where the audience could see behind the scene of a true theatre production. Noises Off was written by a British author name Michael Frayn. This play is a very humorous and outrageous play, were each character in Noises Off plays another character in Nothing On. In this paper, I shall analysis the plot of this play, the characters, and the roles that each character plays. The play Noises Off takes place on Monday, January 14 in Weston-Super-Mare Grand Theatre (Frayn, pg.4). As for Nothing On, it takes place in the living room of Brents country home on a Wednesday afternoon (Frayn, pg.4). During the play Noises Off, Dotty Otley born in Malta, goes with Garry Lejeune. She won the Rose Bruford Medal for effort.Miss Otley seems to always forget what she is supposed to be doing in the play.She cant figure out weahter to take the sardines and newspaper out or leave them and keep the receiver on or off the hook.From the play, it could probably be said that, Dotty is not understandable, but is smart.She loves to do what everyone asks of her and Garry does.Like in Act I when Garry says to Doty, Id be perfectly happy with the sardines if you were happy with them, love, then Dotty replies, Im happy with them if youre happy with them, love.Leaving Garry, Dotty decides to ho with Fredrick. Dotty had money in show and thats how! Selsdon got his job.By Dotty working with Lloyd before was what kept Selsdon in the play even though he was drunk. At the beginning of the play, entering from the service quarters into the living room is Mrs. Clackett.Mrs. Clackett, played by Dotty is the Brents housekeeper who supposedly always goes home at oclock on Wednesday.

Owen Surname Meaning and Family History

Owen Surname Meaning and Family History Derived from the Welsh first name Owain, the surname Owen is generally thought to mean well born or noble, from the Latin eugenius. As a Scottish or Irish surname, Owen may be a shortened Anglicized form of the Gaelic Mac Eoghain (McEwan), meaning son of Eoghan. Surname Origin:  Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  OWENS, OWIN, OWINS, OEN, OWING, OWINGS, OWENSON, MACOWEN, HOWEN, OEN, OENE, ONN Famous People with the OWEN  Surname Daniel Owen  -  Welsh novelist; well-known for writing in the Welsh languageEvelyn Owen  -  Australian designer of the Owen machine gunJohn Owen  - early 19th century governor of North CarolinaWilliam Fitzwilliam Owen  - British naval officer and explorerRobert Owen - Welsh social reformer Where Is the OWEN  Surname Most Common? The Owen surname is most prevalent in the United States  according to  Forebears, ranking among the top 500 most common surnames in the country. Owen is found in the greatest density, however, in Wales, where it is the 16th most common surname.  Ã‚  It is also fairly common in England, where it ranks just outside of the 100 most common last names, and Australia (ranked 256th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  shows that the Owen surname in 1881 was found most frequently in Wales, especially in the area around Llandudno in northern Wales. According to Forebears, the Owen surname at that time ranked 5th in Anglesey and Montgomeryshire and 7th in  Caernarfonshire and  Merionethshire. Genealogy Resources for the Surname OWEN Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Owen  family crest or coat of arms for the Owen surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. The Owen/Owens/Owing  DNA Project: Individuals with the Owen  surname, and variants such as Owens or Owing, are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Owen family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate.OWEN  Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Owen  ancestors around the world.FamilySearch - OWEN  Genealogy: Explore over 4.8  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Owen surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Owen  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Owen  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Global Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Operations Management - Essay Example 2) The organization identity must be aligned with the business structure the company chooses to implement. The expansion project can be set up using different managerial structures including centralized, decentralized, and matrix structures. Assuming that the company wants to start small with an emphasis on a specific project my recommendation is for the firm to use a matrix organization structure. â€Å"Matrix organizations are often set up to make organizations more flexible, to break down the old functions or geographic â€Å"silos† and encourage more cooperation across the business† (Global-integration, 2012). 3) There are plenty of legal factors that must be considered when expanding to a foreign country. The firm has to evaluate the environmental laws of the country. Secondly the company must study and carefully analyze the labor laws. A good strategy is to hire a human resource manager from the native country. The tax code of the country must be followed to maintain good relations with the government. A fourth legal consideration is local laws relating to the relationship between a manufacturer and local agents or distributors (Kentuckianabusinessforum, 2012). Kentuckianabusinessforum.com (2012). Legal Considerations in Operating in Foreign Markets. Retrieved February 17, 2012 from

Principles of Taxation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Taxation Law - Case Study Example A supply will not be regarded as a 'taxable supply' to the extent that it is a 'GST-Free' supply or an 'input taxed' supply. The GST payable is calculated at 10 percent of the value of the consideration that entity receives for making the supply (excluding GST). Entities registered for GST are entitled to claim input tax credits for the GST included in the costs of various goods and services that the business has acquired for its activities. "However where an acquisition relates to input taxed supplies, the registered entity may be restricted in its ability to claim input tax credits for that acquisition depending on the purpose of the acquisition and the supplies to which it relates"3. Depending on the size of the turnover the entities registered for GST are subjected to certain reporting obligations. The entities are required to prepare and lodge with the Australian Tax Office (ATO) GST returns on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. The entities whose turnover is more than A$ 20 million per annum are required to file the GST returns on a monthly basis. ... On the contrary if the input tax on the acquisition is more than the amount the entity is liable to pay then the entity is entitled for a refund from the ATO. Tax Credits on Land Purchase: As per the GST rules if the land is purchased after 30th June 2000, then the input tax credit on the land purchased can be claimed. However this claim for tax credit is subject to the condition that the sale to the entity must be a taxable supply and was not subjected to any margin scheme. In this case since the GST of 10 percent has been paid on the land cost while purchasing the trust can claim tax credit for the GST amount paid on the land cost. In respect of other capital items purchased like kitchen outfit, tables and chairs and cutleries the trust can claim the input tax credit of any GST included in the items purchased. This also covers the GST included in the services acquired after paying GST. The trust should have invoices for all the purchases it has made in order to claim the input tax credits. "Some supplies of goods and services will be GST-free, for example basic food, exports and some health services. This means that GST will not be included in the price of these goods and services."4 Calculation of Taxable Income: The calculation of the taxable income of the trust is shown below: Description Amount A$ Sales 165,000 Add: Closing Stock 8,000 Total Revenue 173,000 Less : Expenses Purchases 33,000 Wages 40,000 Superannuation 3,600 Administrations Costs 8,000 Interest 12,000 Demolition Costs 5,500 Total Expenses 102,100 Net Income 62,900 Income Adjusted for Tax Purposes: Gross Income as per Statement A$

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise, and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers, and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small- to medium-sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also has strong services and consulting business around its products and partner products. HP believes that simplifying logistics industry supply chains centers on a single premise: the information surrounding in-transit materials and financial management is as valuable as the actual physical goods. Thus, the better you synthesize and utilize the information embedded in the supply chain operations, the more you can reduce complexity and prosper. To this end,The company offer a four-pronged approach for addressing supply chain complexity: 1. A clear understanding of the challenges, and a vision of how to break through the complexity. 2. The broadest portfolio of services and technology in the industry for creating an integrated and agile supporting infrastructure. 3. An industry architecture that maps this portfolio to the core business technology layers that are essential for a high-performing supply chain. 4. Service methodologies for assessing and refining the business and technology that propels supply chain performance.

Downfall and Destruction of Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Destruction of Oedipus the King The events in the play "Oedipus the King" show an underlying relationship of mans free will existing within the cosmic order or fate that the Greeks believed guided the universe. Man was given the freedom to choose ones own acitons, and was ultimately held responsible for them. Both ideas of fate and free will played an undividing role in his destruction. Clarence Miller considered the killing of his father to be fate. " This is what I consider that if fate is meant to be by a God, there is no way of avoiding fate," Miller said. Another theme in the story is of truth and freedom. In the Bible, Christ says, "know the truth and it shall set you free." Pieris Berreitter felt that the whole belief of truth brings about a paradox of what is written in literature. " When Oedipus learns of the truth he does not rejoice or thank gods for the freedom it has brought; instead he stabs his eyes out and loses his honor and his kingdom," argues Berreitter. He goes on to say, " Can this be freedom, and if in fact it is,are those who discover a dark tragic past destined to suffer as Oedipus did?" He makes a very good point,is the truth sometimes to much for one to handle? Yes sometimes it is, but it is a true hero that can find the strength to overcome it. I think the most tragic part of the story was how he handled the truth about his birth parents. I am sure it was awful for him to come to the realization of his fate coming true, but it wasn't all his fault. He did not have complete control of the situation, especially when he was younger. When we are children, we are innocent. We believe what we are told to believe and nothing else. He was told that he would kill his father and betrothe his mother, so he fled Corinth. He was not " fleeing his past," as Berreitter states, he was trying to stop the tragedy of the future. If he only knew the truth about his adoptive parents, then he would have stayed in Corinth and never had met up with his father. Today, people could learn from Oedipus's mistake. Though the truth can be tough to hear, we need to learn how to handle it.

Analysis of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man Essay

In Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s â€Å"Oration on the Dignity of Man,† he discusses his conceptions and ideas on the nature and the potential of human beings. Notably, in his discussion, he reconciles and combines the teachings of Islam, Judaism and Christianity into a single binding thought. He also attempted to reconcile the several contrasting teachings of Aristotle and Plato, although it is noticeable that he is more in favor of the teachings of the latter. Although his oration is great in length, it can be summarized into several important points. Possibly the first important point is in the first part of Mirandola’s oration in which he explained the origin of man through the story of creation. He claimed that after God, whom he considers as the highest form of authority in the universe like all other religions, finished creating all creatures, he expressed the desire to create another being who would be able appreciate all of the animals, plants, and other things he created. In addition, based on his oration, these creatures each had its own â€Å"rank† in the world. However, Mirandola claimed that there was no longer any room for another creature in the hierarchy of the world, as all the slots, from angels to worms had already been occupied when he finished creating. According to Mirandola, as a result, God created man in such a way that he would not be belong to any slot or position in the hierarchy or chain of beings. Instead, Mirandola claimed, that man had the ability to imitate and learn from all the other creatures, which he likened to a â€Å"chameleon. † Furthermore, he asserted that man’s destiny was the controlled merely by the hand of God, but by his own freewill. In other words, according to Mirandola, human beings could change themselves based on the decisions and the choices they make. In addition, he claimed that these choices could lead man closer to God or farther away from him. After Mirandola’s explanation of man’s purpose in the world, he then discussed how man should act and also discussed the consequences of each of his actions. According to him, human beings should imitate the actions of Cherubims, whom he described as the angels that â€Å"flashes forth the splendor of intelligence,† as this would help them ascend the ladder or hierarchy of beings and ultimately reach God, whom he claimed as the one on top of the ladder. In other words, Mirandola asserted that it is through the use of human intellect, specifically through philosophizing or engaging in intellectual discussions, can human beings become like angels and become one with their creator God. Moreover, although there are other ways of communing with God and ascending closer to him, according to Mirandola, the use of human intellect is the best way to do so because in is through thinking can human beings conceive and understand â€Å"pure† and eternal ideas and thoughts. In other words, Mirandola generally emphasized the importance of the power of the imagination as this where limitless possibilities occur. In contrast, based on his oration, when human beings fail to use their intellect they descend the ladder or the hierarchy and become evil and useless. Furthermore, according to him, it is this ability of man, which the exercise of freewill that distinguishes him from all the other creatures of God and thereby making him superior to them. Mirandola claimed that only human beings have control of their fates as all the other creatures in nature are controlled by external forces acting on them. Moreover, he also explained based on the teachings of Empedocles, that human beings have dual souls. One brings them closer to the heavens and in effect closer to God while the other drags them further down the earth, where war and discord exists. However, Mirandola emphasized that it is solely the choice of human beings which soul they would nourish. Another important point that Mirandola discusses in his oration is his view on the many schools of thoughts or philosophies existing in the world. First of all, according to him, philosophies always change, which makes a human being’s ability to self-transform the only thing constant. Moreover, he emphasized that since there are many philosophies and beliefs, which include the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, Christianity and Islam, among others, it is best for man to learn all of these doctrines to have a broader view and understanding of life and the journey to God. According to him, human beings should not simply believe in and stick to a single dogma or doctrine, especially if this attacks other teachings, as this hinders their capacity to think, which he holds in the highest regard. Furthermore, Mirandola also stressed that in the system where man has freewill and can transform himself into any other existing creature, it is the philosophers, which include himself, who are considered the most dignified and possible the highest form of human beings. Based on his oration, he believed that since philosophers think and engage in debates most of the time, they are drawn closer to God and they ascend the hierarchy of beings faster than other humans. Similarly, he asserted that artists, writers, and painters, who have very powerful imaginations, are not merely artisans but geniuses as they possess ability to exercise their intellectual capacities Lastly, another notable point that Mirandola discussed is his of view on the mystery of God himself. According to him, God made himself known to prophets like Moses not through a single revelation but a series of revelations that made them understand his true nature and character. In addition, he emphasized that there only a few human beings who possess the capacity to understand the revelations of God because it is they who can accurately and truthfully profess what they know and what they have discovered.

Empowerment of Local Communities for Sustainable Tourism Essay

Tourism, recognized as one of the most economically significant industries in the world has recently perceived emerging needs for forming sustainable planning for tourism management and development. According to Murphy (1985) and Perez – Salom (2001) in order to achieving desired sustainability certain alternations via better planning and management in the tourism activity patterns and pertaining products are necessary to decrease the environmental and social impacts. Thus researchers have emphasized the significance of stakeholder collaboration and participation in the decision making process and their involvement in each stage of tourism management to achieve long lasting sustainability (Teo 2002, Garrod 2003, Azman 1999). According to Branwell and Lane (2000) the dynamic, diffuse and fragmented manner of tourism development was identified long time ago. However the diversified ways to solve problems associated with fragmentation was not achieved despite such identification (Hall 2003). Some of the challenges faced in implementing these strategies lie in the conflicting public policies enacted by respective governments which are engaged in tourism planning, management and development. Many tourism related public policies are ensnared in an energetic continuation processes with governments struggling to perceive the multitude of implications in tourism and their arbitration ways ( Caffyn & Jobbins 2003). As declared by Scheyvens in 2003 to achieve voluntary participation in desired levels for the planning processes one important precursor should be the empowerment of stakeholders in the community by involving them in the tourism development process. In the absence of empowerment in community and local levels, predictably national endeavors to develop specific identified destinations will not meet with successful results says Sofield (2003). According to Burns in 2004 it has also been established that a top to down attitude in strategic tourism planning will not stimulate or encourage stake holder participation and local commitment. Additionally according to Timothy (2000) the individual and state relationship has conventionally presented key level policy predicaments as many interest groups continue to seek government backing and funding in tourism development process. Therefore in this study major focus will be in determining the effectiveness of the statement made by Henkel & Stirrat (2001:168) to the effect of: â€Å"It is now difficult to find a development project that does not†¦claim to adopt a ‘participatory’ approach involving ‘bottom-up’ planning, acknowledging the importance of ‘indigenous’ knowledge and claiming to ‘empower’ local people† 2. Challenges of local participation in tourism planning In 2000 Hall advocated and emphasized the need in utilizing and developing a network thinking to critically analyze the involvement of public sector partnership and collaboration in tourism to develop sustainability and social capital. However, despite the many attractions of establishing a local community approach in tourism planning there are many challenges existing in the way such a process would be implemented and operated (Murphy 1988). These challenges include the manner in which to foster local participation for tourism planning and management, initiating and maintaining cooperation between public and private sectors and identifying implementation ways for local participation in tourism planning. Therefore it is vital to enhance the assimilation of management approaches in tourism planning. 3. Effective tourism planning for a sustainable development According to Hall (2003), tourism is an important concern for industry and governments as well as communities in terms of augmenting number of travelers, enhancing revenues and impacts for the communities in the tourist destinations. Tourism has the ability of impacting on both micro and macro environments and thus has been recognized as a paradoxical practice situation when adverse reactions occur where tourism can destroy tourism (Mihalic 2003). When ever tourism is not planned or managed efficiently it contains the capacity to destroy its own platform on which the tourism is based. In 1997, McVetty identified different tourism planning traditions and approaches which are commonly referred to day as following: Booster approach – concentrates on motivating and enhancing the tourist frequency. Commercial approach – concentrates on profit maximization Economic approach – focus on the resulting economic values generated via tourism related employment. Environmental approach – focus on the ecological conservation for tourist destinations Community based approach – concentrates on minimum impact and encouragement of involvement and control by local participation in tourism Integrated approach – the social development factor in tourism which takes in to account social mobilization and local participation to maximize tourism contribution towards local communities. In an integrated tourism planning approach it will take in to account a process that endeavor to bring together each individual stakeholder with their variety of experiences and attitudes. Within such a planning process, there is an opportunity for stakeholders to cooperate in arriving at temporary agreements in matters of environmental conservation, biodiversity and social welfare (Burns 2004). It has been established that this approach will be particularly beneficial for developing countries as it provides an alternative tourism approach with a people centered attitude. A variety of tourism management models were developed in the past with the rapid growth in recreation and tourism in natural destinations ( Hall 2003, Gunn & Turgut 2002). However according to McArthur (2000) the TOMM, Tourism Optimization and Management Model developed in Australia is the most successful tool introduced so far as other models failed to establish adequate stakeholder support for implementing and operating plans on a sustainable period to confirm their merits. The problem with these models was their inability to adjust to the diverse stakeholder participants and the absence of cooperative partnership for identifying standards and indicators. 4. Empowerment of local participants for effective tourism planning In 1997 France defined empowerment as a process in which households, local groups, individuals, communities, nations and regions all shape their lives along with the type of society in which they habitat. According to Boog in 2003 the recent past has used this term as a sense of group and collective empowerment. Empowerment contain diverse concepts such as facilitating relationships between individuals, contribution of power between social cultural, political domains says O’Neal & O’Neal (2003). For tourism planning the terms empowerment is regarded as a social development process encouraging and facilitating a respondent to responsive tourism attitude (Ritchie 1993). According to Sofield a vital component embedded in the process of empowerment is the application of decisions making model. Empowerment of local participants in the tourism industry represents multidimensional characteristics according to Scheyvens in 2002 who detailed them as following: Economic empowerment with lasting financial awards for the local participants Physiological empowerment for improving self esteem, pride within the local culture for their knowledge and respective resources. Social empowerment where a community’s integrity is enhanced and sustained via the tourism development process Political empowerment is a platform of democracy where people from all walks of life are invited in the participatory process and allowed to voice opinions and concerns. In 1993 Jenkins argued that local participants would express difficulties in perceiving the complicated aspects related to planning and managing representativeness in the tourism development process. He further stated that the decision making process which would need considerable time and cost may result in a lack of interest within the local communities. Therefore in order to overcome this situation and encourage local community participation in tourism management the issue of collaboration is regarded as a suitable management strategy to encourage participation. 5. Collaboration management between stakeholders and community As declared by Bramwell & Lane in 2000, it is widely acknowledge the importance in involving the many stakeholders in the process of tourism planning and management. The concept has led to the use of many collaborative partnerships and arrangements as a tool or technique with the intention of combining a range of interests to implement and develop pertaining tourism policies. To achieve successfully inclusive tourism development an accomplishment of cooperation within all planning sectors in each scale is an important concept. A significant advantage of such collaboration management is that relevant tourist destinations and respective organizations have the ability of gaining competitive advantages via a process of combining expertise, knowledge, knowhow, capital and various other resources belonging to the multi stakeholders says Kotler, Haider, & Rein (1993). Such a collaboration attempt within stakeholders can result in effective negotiations, dialogues and formulation of a community acceptable proposal in which sustainable tourism can be developed. According to Murphy (1988) the broadly based tourism policies resulting from such management policy integrations can create democratic empowerment, operational advantages, impartiality and finally a greatly enhanced tourism product to the world. Therefore it is vital to regard the entire planning process from a social phenomenon perspective where empowerment of local participants in the decision making process is given high priority. Moreover, collaboration and participation should be considered as important components of social capital that can be enriched via community complexity. 6. Recent Examples of stakeholder participation in tourism In the past clear evidence were seen of a range of individuals and organizations operating on innovative local participation led approaches in tourism management and development. Some of these examples are the Indonesian Andaman Discoveries, the North Andaman Tsunami relief flagship project which has initiated more than 120 projects in identified Tsunami affected communities. This flagship project was instrumental for aiding a large number of local communities to develop a local participatory tourism process successfully and as a result have also developed many supporting resources such as local crafts, traditional music promotions etc. The community tourism project initiated in Scotland Inverclyde tourism group has secured their funding through many resources including the national lottery. The project has achieved tremendous success through a capacity building process as a result of community involvement and partnership working. There are also visible examples to indicate the drawbacks of this concept. As declared by Manyara et al (2006) there are many obstacles in the process of developing indigenous SMTE, small and medium tourism enterprises due to constraints such as accessibility to global markets, deficiency in numeracy and literacy, access to capital and other resources, sector specific skills and insufficient government backing. Their report which concentrated in the local community participation of Kenya tourism also states that through proper legislative frameworks and policies a community based enterprise stand to benefit with better development potential and also benefit the SMTE in the longer term. Solutions cited in this report to make the Kenya tourism project successful was to integrate the requirements of allowing initiatives to be community owned, make communities fully involved in the process of tourism development and management and that these local communities should remain as the main beneficiaries of such initiatives. 7. Conclusion As declared by Mitchell and Reid in 2000 it could be stated in summary that local participation involvement in tourism management and development can be regarded as a simple categorical term defining ‘citizen power’. Within the stage of planning the research and study of social capital and social sensitivity in relation to tourism can provide great insights to the level of social impact alleviation arising from tourism on a local community through a process of relevant and strategic planning (Hall 2003). An important aspect is to consider is integrative planning to ensure minimal adverse impacts, environmental conservation, acceptance of tourism in general and overall community growth (Burns 2004). Equally it is important to consider planning with least amount of conflicts and to foster participation of local communities via controlling resources and tourism planning related decision making. The streamlining of a local community as a tourism product will aid the diversification of tourism offerings and also facilitate a meaningful economic participation in the tourism sector by the local communities. It will also generate many tourism related benefits that exceeds the primary tourism areas within a country. The research study concludes that while there is much written on this subject mainly at a conceptual level, it is vital that proper frameworks and guidelines are established for those communities searching for optimum practices and perceiving the associated benefits of tourism within the community body. It is also evident that establishing a strictly rigid guideline set will not do much to advance a sustainable tourism within the local community agenda. References Azman, A. (1999). Local participation of ecotourism the case of Bruinei ‘ Merinbum Heritage Park. Borneo Review, 10(1), 51-69. Bramwell, B. , & Lane, B. (Eds. ). (2000). Collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning. U. K: Channel View Publications. Burns, P. M. (2004). Tourism planning: A third way? Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 24- 43. France, L. (Ed. ). (1997). The role of government. London: Earthscan. Garrod, B. (2003). Local participation in the planning and management of ecotourism: A revised model approach. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(1), 33-52. Gunn, C. A. , & Turgut, V. (2002). Tourism planning: Basic, concepts, cases. New York: Routledge. Hall, C. M. (2000). Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. In B. Bramwell & B. Lane (Eds. ), Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability. U. K: Channel View Publications. Hall, C. M. (2003). Politics and place: An analysis of power in tourism communities. In S. Singh, D. J. Timothy & R. K. Dowling (Eds. ), Tourism in destination communities. U. K: CABI Publishing. Jenkins, J. (1993). Tourism policy in rural New South Wales – Policy and research priorities. Geo Journal, 29(3), 281-290. Jones, E & Manyara G (2007). Community? based Tourism Enterprises Development in Kenya: An Exploration of Their Potential as Avenues of Poverty Reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Vol. 15, No. 6, 2007. Welsh School of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Management, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK Kotler, P. , Haider, D. H. , & Rein, I. (1993). Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry, and tourism to cities, states, and nations. New York: Free Press. McArthur, S. (Ed. ). (2000). Beyond carrying capacity – Introducing A model to monitor and manage visitor activities in forests. Wellingford, U. K: CABI Publishing. McVetty, D. (1997). Segmenting heritage tourism party – Visits on Dunedin’s Otago Peninsula: A strategic approach. Unpublished Master of Tourism thesis, University of Otago, Dunlin, New Zealand. Mitchell, R. E. , & Reid, D. G. (2000). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113-139. Mihalic, T. (2003). Economic instruments of environmental tourism policy derived from environmental theories. In R. K. Dowling & D. A. Fennel (Eds. ), Ecotourism policy and planning. London: CABI International. Murphy, P. E. (1988). Community driven tourism planning. Tourism Management, 9(2), 96- 104. O’Neal, G. S. , & O’Neal, R. A. (2003). Community development in the USA: An empowerment zone example. Community Development Journal, 38(2), 120-129. Perez-Salom, J. (2001). Sustainable tourism: Emerging global and regional regulation. Georgetown International Environment Law Review, 13(4), 801-837. Ritchie, J. R. (1993). Tourism research: Policy and managerial priorities for the 1990s and beyond. In D. G. Pearce & R. W. Butler (Eds. ), Tourism research and critiques and challenges. London: Routledge. Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Scheyvens, R. (2003). Local involvement in managing tourism. In S. Singh, D. J. Timothy & R. K. Dowling (Eds.), Tourism in destination communities. U. K: CABI Publishing. Sofield, T. H. B. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development (Vol. Tourism Social Science Series). London: Pergamon. Teo, P. (2002). Striking a balance for sustainable tourism: Implication of the discourse on globalization. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(6), 459-474. Timothy, D. J. (2000). Cross-border partnership in tourism resource management: International parks along the US-Canada border. In B. Bramwell & B. Lane (Eds. ), Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability. U. K: Channel View Publications.

The Opening Scene of Macbeth Sets the Mood of the Whole Play-Discuss Essays

The Opening Scene of Macbeth Sets the Mood of the Whole Play-Discuss Essays The Opening Scene of Macbeth Sets the Mood of the Whole Play-Discuss Paper The Opening Scene of Macbeth Sets the Mood of the Whole Play-Discuss Paper Macduff (Macbeth) 1 Macduff (Macbeth) Macduff (Macbeth) Dan OHerlihy as Macduff in Orson Welles controversial film adaptation Macbeth (1948) Creator William Shakespeare Play Date Source Family Macbeth c. 1603-1607 Holinsheds Chronicles (1587) Lady Macduff, wife Son, (name unknown) Antagonist to Macbeth; kills him in the final act. Despair thy charm / And let the angel whom thou has served / Tell thee Macduff was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped (5. 10. 14-16) Role Quote Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeares Macbeth (c. 603-1607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He is the main antagonist, yet the hero, in the play. The character is first known from Chronica Gentis Scotorum (late 14th century) and Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from Holinsheds Chronicles (1587). Although characterized s poradically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth, a figure of morality, and an instrument to the play’s desired excision of femininity. Origin The overall plot that would serve as the basis for Macbeth is first seen in the writings of two chroniclers of Scottish history, John of Fordun, whose prose Chronica Gentis Scotorum was begun about 1363 and Andrew of Wyntouns Scots verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, written no earlier than 1420. These served as the basis for the account given in Holinsheds Chronicles (1587), on whose narratives of King Duff and King Duncan Shakespeare in part based Macbeth. Macduff first appears in Holinsheds narrative of King Duncan after Macbeth has killed the monarch and reigned as King of Scotland for 10 years. When Macbeth calls upon his nobles to contribute to the construction of Dunsinane castle, Macduff avoids the summons, arousing Macbeths suspicions. Macduff leaves Scotland for England to prod Duncans son, Malcolm, into taking the Scottish throne by force. Meanwhile, Macbeth murders Macduffs family. Malcolm, Macduff, and the English forces march on Macbeth, and Macduff kills him. [1] Shakespeare follows Holinsheds account of Macduff closely, with his only deviations being Macduffs discovery of Duncans body in 2. 3, and Macduffs brief conference with Ross in 2. 4. Historically, the Clan MacDuff was the most powerful family in Fife in the medieval ages. [2] The ruins of Macduffs Castle lie in East Wemyss cemetery. Role in the play Macduff first speaks in the play in 2. 3 when he discovers the corpse of King Duncan in Macbeth’s castle. He raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury / That I did kill them† (2. 3. 103-104). Interestingly, Macduff’s name does not appear in this scene; rather, Banquo refers to him as â€Å"Dear Duff† (2. 3. 75). In 2. Macbeth has left for Scone, the ancient royal city where Scottish kings were crowned. Macduff, meanwhile, meets with Ross and an Old Man. He reveals that he will not be attending the coronation of Macbeth and will instead return to his home in Fife. However, Macduff flees to England to join Malcolm, the slain King Duncan’s elder son, and c onvinces him to return Macduff (Macbeth) to Scotland and claim the throne. Macbeth, meanwhile, visits the Three Witches again after the spectre of Banquo appears at the royal banquet. The Witches warn Macbeth to â€Å"beware Macduff, beware the Thane of Fife† (4. 1. 87-88). Furthermore, they inform him that, â€Å"The power of man, for none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth† (4. 1. 96-97). Macbeth, fearing for his position as King of Scotland, orders the deaths of Macduffs wife, children and relatives. Macduff, who is still in England, learns of his family’s deaths through Ross, another Scottish thane. He joins Malcolm, and they return to Scotland with their English allies to face Macbeth at Dunsinane Castle. After Macbeth slays the young Siward, Macduff confronts Macbeth. Although Macbeth believes that he cannot be killed by any man born of a woman, he soon learns that Macduff was â€Å"from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped† (5. 10. 15-16). The two fight, and Macduff slays Macbeth offstage. Macduff ultimately presents Macbeth’s head to Malcolm, hailing him as king and calling on the other thanes to declare their allegiance with him (5. 11. 20-25). 2 Analysis Macduff as a foil to Macbeth As a supporting character, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth; his integrity directly contrasts with Macbeth’s moral perversion. [3] In an exchange between the Scottish thane Lennox and another lord, Lennox talks of Macduff’s flight to England and refers to him as â€Å"some holy angel† (3. 6. 6) who â€Å"may soon return to this our suffering country / Under a hand accursed† (3. 6. 48-49). The play positions the characters of Macduff and Macbeth as holy versus evil. The contrast between Macduff and Macbeth is accentuated by their approaches to death. Macduff, hearing of his family’s death, reacts with a tortured grief. His words, â€Å"But I must also fee l it as a man† (4. 3. 223), indicate a capacity for emotional sensitivity. While Macbeth and Lady Macbeth insist that manhood implies a denial of feeling (1. 7. 45-57), Macduff insists that emotional depth and sensitivity are part of what it means to be a man. This interpretation is supported by Macduff’s reaction upon his discovery of Duncan’s corpse and the echo of Macduff’s words when Macbeth responds to the news of Lady Macbeth’s death. Macduff struggles to find the words to express his rage and anguish, crying, â€Å"O horror, horror, horror† (2. 3. 59). In some stage interpretations, Macduff’s character transitions from a state of shock to one of frenzied alarm. [4] This contrasts starkly with Macbeth’s famous response to the announcement of his wife’s death: â€Å"She should have died hereafter / There would have been a time for such a word / Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow† (5. . 17-19). Macbeth’s words seem to express a brutal indifference–she would have died anyway–and perhaps even suggest that he has lost the capacity to feel. Macduff as a moral figure Although Macduff comes to represent a type of â€Å"goodness† in the dark world of Macbeth, Shakespeare also allows for some instability in his character. This becomes most evident in 4. 3 when Macduff joins Malcolm in England. In this scene, the play has moved from the tumult in Scotland to England. In the exchange between the two Scotsmen, Malcolm is clearly in control and forces Macduff to examine and reconcile with himself his own moral code. In a moment of dramatic irony, Macduff begins the conversation urging Malcolm to fight for Scotland rather than to grieve, not knowing that Malcolm has already arranged for English military support (4. 3. 134-136). Malcolm manipulates Macduff, questioning his loyalty, facilitating his emotional responses, and testing to see how much Macduff’s, and perhaps the audience’s, morality can ultimately be compromised. Malcolm portrays Macbeth as a tyrant, but he positions himself, too, as someone morally repulsive. [4] He describes his own voluptuousness–the bottomless â€Å"cistern of [his] lust† (4. 3. 4)–and â€Å"staunchless avarice† (4. 3. 79). Macduff must decide whether he can accept Malcolm as an alternative to Macbeth. He does not give this answer until the final scene, addressing Malcolm, â€Å"Hail King† (5. 6. 20). By this point, however, Malcolm has abjure[d] / The taints and blames I laid upon myself, / For strangers to my nature (4. 3. 125-127). This shows that rather than speaking truthfully about himself, Malcolm was simply testing Macduff to see where Macduffs loyalties were. Therefore, Macduff is right in accepting Malcolm Macduff (Macbeth) as king. Macduff may also be read as a precursor for ethical philosophy. 5] Macduffs flight from Scotland is a spiritual reawakening, with spirituality based around the truth, regardless of what it may be. Macduff constantly reexamines his values. In deciding to leave his family, Macduff deserts those values and pays bitterly for it. Macduff echoes sentiments of writers such as Plato and the later Thomas Hobbes, who claim that morality may only be judged to the extent that a person takes responsibility for his or her actions. Thus, because he accepts the burden of his decision to leave his family for political exploration, Macduffs actions can be justified. [5] 3 Macbeth and the fantasy of female power One of the themes that the play Macbeth wrestles with is the relationship between male vulnerability and feminine influence. The play explores the fantasy of a female or maternal power as well as the desire of an escape from this influence. [6] Femaleness is to be feared and reviled, and to a certain extent, the play works to excise femininity and restore autonomous male or paternal power. However, the play also exposes the impossibility of the fantasy of absolute masculinity. After Macbeth derives much of his motivation from the Witches’ perceived promise of invincibility: that no man born of woman can kill him. He interprets the prophecy to mean he is untainted by femininity, as if femininity were the source of vulnerability. [6] Macbeth believes in his own invulnerability, claiming, â€Å"I bear a charmed life, which must not yield / To one of woman born† (Act V, scene 8). However, Macduff, born via caesarian section, exposes this fantasy as a fallacy. He replies to Macbeth: â€Å"Despair thy charm, / And let the angel whom thou still hast served / Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped† (Act V, scene 8). Though he may not have been of a woman born in the conventional sense (thus fulfilling the prophecy), Macduff ultimately originates from woman, asserting that he was â€Å"from his mother’s womb. If, as Macbeth believes, true manhood cannot derive from or be tainted by femininity, then Macduff’s very existence fundamentally counters this idea. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Bevington, David and William Shakespeare. Four Tragedies Bantam, 1988. Official Scottish Clans and Families (http:/ / www. electricscotland. com). Horwich, Richard. Integrity in Macbeth: The Search for the Single State of Man. Rosenberg, Marvin. The Masks of Macbeth. University of California Press, 1978. Hennedy, John F. Macduffs Dilemma: Anticipation of Existentialist Ethics in Macbeth. Adelman, Janet. Escaping the Matrix: The Construction of Masculinity in Macbeth and Coriolanus. Suffocating mothers: fantasies of maternal origin in Shakespeares plays. Routledge, 1992. External links Macbe th: Folio Version (http://internetshakespeare. uvic. ca/Annex/Texts/Mac/F1/Work) Macbeth: Full-text online (http://shakespeare. mit. edu/macbeth/full. html) Article Sources and Contributors 4 Article Sources and Contributors Macduff (Macbeth)   Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? oldid=542149214   Contributors: 2A01:388:201:3030:E4B5:F56E:CE1B:5242, Agricolae, Akira625, Alansohn, Alex2706, Andrei Iosifovich, Andrew Hampe, Ashton1983, Australian Matt, Benjamin Geiger, Bucklesman, Byron Farrow, Cntras, David Gerard, Deskford, Dwanyewest, Escape Orbit, Finavon, Fitnr, Focus, Girlwithgreeneyes, Huw Powell, IllaZilla, ItsLassieTime, John of Lancaster, Jupiter Optimus Maximus, KGasso, Kabartlett, Kierant, Kyaa the Catlord, Lentower, Lordrosemount, Luki9875, MarnetteD, Mhardcastle, Mhockey, Monkeyzpop, Nashikawa, NatureA16, Omarworld87, P. S. Burton, PC78, Paul Bedson, Pegship, Philip Trueman, Pjweller, Poeloq, Red-eyed demon, Roregan, SAGE01, Saga City, Smalljim, Speedevil, Stefanomione, Stephenb, Steven Zhang, ThinkBlue, Tiria, Tommy2010, Treybien, UltimateCoach, Wangyingyun, Warofdreams, Woohookitty, Wrad, Xover, 115 anonymous edits License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. 0 Unported //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3. 0/

Different Definitions for Species

Different Definitions for Species The definition of species is a tricky one. Depending on a persons focus and need for the definition, the idea of the species concept can be different. Most basic scientists agree that the common definition of the word species is a group of similar individuals that live together in an area and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. However, this definition is not truly complete. It cannot be applied to a species that undergoes asexual reproduction since interbreeding does not happen in these types of species. Therefore, it is important we examine all of the species concepts to see which are usable and which have limitations. Biological Species The most universally accepted species concept is the idea of the biological species. This is the species concept from which the generally accepted definition of the term species comes. First proposed by Ernst Mayr, the biological species concept explicitly says, Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. This definition brings into play the idea of individuals of a single species being able to interbreed while staying reproductively isolated from each other. Without reproductive isolation, speciation cannot occur. Populations need to be divided for many generations of offspring in order to diverge from the ancestral population and become new and independent species. If a population is not divided, either physically through some sort of barrier, or reproductively through behavior or other types of prezygotic or postzygotic isolation mechanisms, then the species will stay as one species and will not diverge and become its own distinct species. This isolation is central to the biological species concept. Morphological Species Morphology is how an individual looks. It is their physical features and anatomical parts. When Carolus Linnaeus first came up with his binomial nomenclature taxonomy, all individuals were grouped by morphology. Therefore, the first concept of the term species was based on the morphology. The morphological species concept does not take into account what we now know about genetics and DNA and how it affects what an individual looks like. Linnaeus did not know about chromosomes and other microevolutionary differences that actually make some individuals that look similar a part of different species. The morphological species concept definitely has its limitations. First, it does not distinguish between species that are actually produced by convergent evolution and are not really closely related. It also does not group individuals of the same species that would happen to be somewhat morphologically different like in color or size. It is much more accurate to use behavior and molecular evidence to determine what is the same species and what is not. Lineage Species A lineage is similar to what would be thought of as a branch on a family tree. The phylogentic trees of groups of related species branch off in all directions where new lineages are created from speciation of a common ancestor. Some of these lineages thrive and live on and some become extinct and cease to exist over time. The lineage species concept becomes important to scientists who are studying the history of life on Earth and evolutionary time. By examining the similarities and differences of different lineages that are related, scientists can determine most likely when the species diverged and evolved compared to when the common ancestor was around. This idea of lineage species can also be used to fit asexually reproducing species. Since biological species concept is dependent upon reproductive isolation of sexually reproducing species, it cannot necessarily be applied to a species that reproduces asexually. The lineage species concept does not have that restraint and therefore can be used to explain simpler species that do not need a partner to reproduce.

Project 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project 3 - Assignment Example n.d.). Beryl or 3BeOÂ ·Al2O3Â ·6SiO2 is one of the most valuable and famous mineral in the Beryllium family. It is a hard and relatively light mineral found in granitic rocks, pegmatites, mica schists, and similar environments. Beryl is usually milky and translucent with a greenish color however pure Beryl is clear and transparent, where small amounts of impurities add to its attractive color (Beryllium. n.d.). Diamond is one example of carbon mineral which has many unequaled qualities among other minerals. It is the hardest known substance, a great conductor of heat, and one that has the highest melting point. The luster of Diamond is excellent. It exhibits a shiny and polished look with proper cutting (Diamond: The mineral Diamond information and pictures. n.d.). Bararite is one example of a Nitrogen mineral. It is a natural form of ammonium fluorosilicate that has a chemical formula (NH4)2SiF6 and a trigonal crystal structure. It was classified as a part of cryptohalite. Bararite was named after the place where it was first described, Barari, India. It was found at the fumaroles of volcanoes over burning coal seams. Bararite is a mineral that is formed with cryptohalite, sal ammoniac, and native sulfur (Bararite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. n.d.). Fluorite is one example of a Fluorine mineral which is known for its glassy luster and rich variety of colors. It comes in purple, blue, green, yellow, brown, pink, black, reddish orange colors and sometimes colorless. Because of this, it is deemed as the most colorful mineral in the world. Most specimens of fluorite have a single color but a significant percentage of fluorites have multiple colors arranged in bands depending on the shape of the fluorite crystals. Typically, fluorites are shaped as cubes where it has a clear outer zone. One crystal fluorite can have four or five different colors (Class.

Theories and Models of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories and Models of Communication - Essay Example The hypothesis of communication assists individuals in comprehending this phrase, since communication involves analysis of facts to deduce the meaning. Failure to evaluate these facts of information might lead to failing to deduce the correct interpretation. This way this hypothesis assists in analyzing information. For instance, it is easy to discern someone’s intentions; by the way, they speak. Lack of these visible signs might imply otherwise (Griffith, p.10). Mass media describe all media technologies utilized to reach an enormous audience through mass communication. Mass media also describes the institutions which manage these technologies, for instance, television stations, as well as publishing companies. An exemplar of mass media includes broadcast media, which describes the electronic transmission of information via television, radio, as well as CDs and DVDs. In addition, broadcast media involves other devices such as cameras, as well as video consoles. Another exemplar is print media, which involves utilization of a physical object as a way of transferring information. Other print media include brochures and pamphlets among others (Igor, p.10). The mass medium is an extremely powerful tool which significantly influences peoples’ ways of existence. It is extremely influential in that the images or information media displays have the capacity to foster stereotypes, products, alter cultures among others. For instance, in many countries, the dress code displayed by media is usually adopted by the youngsters. Media particularly Internet media is also readily available and affords a massive outreach. It can be utilized in varied parts of the globe concurrently and cost-effectively. This portrays the influence of media. 4 Semiotics involves the study of symbols, as well as sign systems. Semiotics also entails indication, description, metaphor, similarity among others. The fundamental component of meaning is the symbol. It is anything that can characterize an idea. It also includes studying the organization and meaning of lingo. The significant elements of any semiotic include content, as well as expression (Littlejohn and Foss, p. 23). Rhetorical evaluation assists in looking into

Promoting mental wellbeing amongst older adults Essay

Promoting mental wellbeing amongst older adults - Essay Example Below one can see a health strategy to promote mental wellbeing among older adults of a country. Strategy to Promote Mental Well being of Older Adults First and foremost , there should be provision in the health and social welfare policy to allot more funding and financial services to health centers which exclusively for older adults with mental illness. The government should increase the awareness among public regarding the mental well being of an older adult, so that they become alert and conscious regarding their food habits, exercise and lifestyle. Mental ill health could be due to a disability or serious physical illness, so the older citizens should be educated more about various diseases. The informal carers should be encourages and supported in the right manner, so that they feel motivated to take care of the older diseases citizen of the society. â€Å"Informal support groups are not provided by law but are volunteers ‘who offer to do something without charging a feeà ¢â‚¬  (Fischer, 2003,pg.13).Same should be done to formal carers as well as they are the part of social support group. The poor and secluded old people should be given social benefits like, income support and other medical benefits so that they do not feel dejected and ignored. This can fill a great gap in their life from being helpless and destitute. The older citizen should be alerted about the bad consequences of drugs, alcohol and other addictive substances to avoid misuse of them .Drug, alcohol abuse are due to the stress factor and they should be warned against this action. – As per, (SHFWP,2009) â€Å"Homelessness, refugee status, discrimination, having a physical disability all increase the risk, as do family factors (e.g. partner violence), drug and alcohol problems and lack of social support from others†. The non –profit organization which work for the welfare of the mental health of older adults should be given monetary benefits to encourage them in introducing programs which can aid old people with mental disease to improve their health. A strong strategic and leadership role should be undertaken by local government, working in partnership with other agencies, particularly the health centers, to ensure a wide range of effective programs to meet the needs of mentally ill old people. According to (Barnes2010)â€Å"Encouraging the development of new service models and utilizing new the opportunities afforded by emerging technologies to deliver the best outcomes for adult social care†. This will help in giving better and quality medical services to old aged who is mentally ill. Critical Evaluation of Contribution of Social Policy Mainly most of the developed countries have a well defined Social and health polices but when it comes to the implementation, it is not up to the mark. They put forward various programs and strategies to maintain and upgrade the mental and physical health of the older citizen, but when it comes to practice less is done. (Hasenfield,1991,pg.451-479) writes that â€Å"It is argued that policy output is determined by the organizational systems which develop as a result of technological specifications, economic considerations, and power relations†. So the government should create plans and policies according to the technology, economic condition and financial budget of the country. The living condition of an old aged person who is mentally il

Solution of a System of Linear Equations for INTELx64

Solution of a System of Linear Equations for INTELx64 A multi core hyper-threaded solution of a system of linear equations for INTELx64 architecture Richa Singhal ABSTRACT. A system of linear equations forms a very fundamental principal of linear algebra with very wide spread applications involving fields such as physics, chemistry and even electronics. With systems growing in complexity and demand of ever increasing precision for results it becomes the need of the hour to have methodologies which can solve a large system of such equations to accuracy with fastest performance. On the other hand as frequency scaling is becoming limiting factor to achieve performance improvement of processors modern architectures are deploying multi core approach with features like hyper threading to meet performance requirements. The paper targets solving a system of linear equations for a multi core INTELx64 architecture with hyper threading using standard LU decomposition methodology. This paper also presents a Forward seek LU decomposition approach which gives better performance by effectively utilizing L1 cache of each processor in the multi core architectu re. The sample uses as input a matrix of 40004000 double precision floating point representation of the system. 1. INTRODUCTION A system of linear equations is a collection of linear equations of same variable. A system of linear equations forms a very fundamental principal of linear algebra with very wide spread applications involving fields such as physics, chemistry and even electronics. With systems growing in complexity and demand of ever increasing precision for results it becomes the need of the hour to have methodologies which can solve a large system of such equations to accuracy with fastest performance. On the other hand as frequency scaling is becoming limiting factor to achieve performance improvement. With increasing clock frequency the power consumption goes up P = C x V2 x F P is power consumption V is voltage F is frequency It was because of this factor only that INTEL had to cancel its Tejas and Jayhawk processors. A newer approach is to deploy multiple cores which are capable to parallel process mutually exclusive tasks of a job to achieve the requisite performance improvement. Hyper threading is another method which makes a single core appears as two by using some additional registers. Having said that it requires that traditional algorithms which are sequential in nature to be reworked and factorized so that they can efficiently utilize the processing power offered by these architectures. This paper aims to provide an implementation for standard LU decomposition method used to solve system of linear equations adopting a forward seek methodology to efficiently solve a system of double precision system of linear equations with 4000 variable set. The proposed solution addresses all aspects of problem solving starting from file I/O to read the input system of equations to actually solving the system to generate required output using multi core techniques. The solution assumes that the input problem has one and only one unique solution possible. 2. CHALLENGES The primary challenge is to rework the sequential LU decomposition method so that the revised framework can be decomposed into a set of independent problems which can be solved independently as far as possible. Then use this LU decomposition output and apply standard techniques of forward and backward substitution each again using multi core techniques to reach the final output. Another challenge associated is cache management. Since a set of 4000 floating point variable will take a memory approximately 32KB of memory and there will 4000 different equations put up together, hence efficiently managing all data in cache becomes a challenge. A forward seek methodology was used in LU decomposition which tries to keep the relevant data at L1 cache before it is required to be processed. It also tries to maximise operations on set of data once it is in cache so that cache misses are minimum. 3. IMPACT With a 40 core INTEXx64 machine with hyper threading the proposed method could achieve an acceleration of ~72X in performance as compared to a standard sequential implementation. 4. STATE OF THE ART The proposed solution uses state of the art programming techniques available for multithreaded architecture. It also uses INTEX ADVANCED VECTOR SET (AVX) intrinsic instruction set to achieve maximum hyper threading. Native POSIX threads were used for the purpose. Efficient disk IO was made possible by mapping input vector file to RAM directly using mmap. 5. PROPOSED SOLUTION A system of linear equations representing CURRENT / VOLTAGE relationship for a set of resistances is defined as [R][I] = [V] Steps to solve this can be illustrated as Decompose [R] into [L] and [U] Solve [L][Z] = [V] for [Z] Solve [U][I] = [Z] for [I] Resistance matrix is modelled as an array 40004000 of double precision floating type elements. The memory address being 16 byte aligned so that RAM access speeds up for read and write operations. FLOAT RES[MATRIX_SIZE*MATRIX_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(0x1000))); Voltage matrix is modelled as an array 40001 of double precision floating type elements. The memory address being 16 byte aligned so that RAM access speeds up for read and write operations. FLOAT V [MATRIX_SIZE] _attribute__ ((aligned(0x1000))); LU Decomposition To solve the basic model of parallel LU decomposition as suggested above was adopted. Here as we move along the diagonal of the main matrix we calculate the factor values for Lower triangular matrix. Simultaneously each row operation updates elements for upper triangular matrix. Basic routine to do row operation This routine is the innermost level routine which updates the rows which will eventually determine the upper triangular matrix. For each element of row there is one subtraction and one multiplication operation (highlighted). LOOP B designates row major operation, while LOOP A designates column major operation. Basic Algorithm SUB LUDECOM (A, N) DO K = 1, n – 1 DO I = K+1, N Ai, k = Ai, k / Ak, j DO j = K + 1, N Ai, j = Ai, j Ai, k * Ak, j END DO END DO END DO END LUDECOM Each row major operation (LOOP B) iteration can be independently executed on a separate core. This was achieved by using POSIX threads which were non-blocking in nature. Because of mutual exclusion over the set of data MUTEX locks are not required provided we keep the column major operation (LOOP A) sequential. Also for 2 consecutive elements in one row operation 2 subtraction and 2 multiplication operations are done. These 2 operations each are done in single step using Single Instruction Multiple Data instructions (Hyper threading) Multi core Algorithm SUB LUDECOM_BLOCK (A, K, BLOCK_START, BLOCK_END) DO I = BLOCK_START, BLOCK_END Ai, K = Ai, K / AK, K DO j = K + 1, N Ai, j = Ai, j Ai, K * Ak, K END DO END DO END LUDECOM_BLOCK SUB LUDECOM (A, N) DO K = 1, N – 1 BLOCK_SIZE = (N – K) / MAX_THREADS Thread = 0 WHILE (Thread P_THREAD ( LUDECOMPOSITION_BLOCK (A, K, Thread*BLOCK_SIZE, Thread*(BLOCK_SIZE + 1) ) ENDWHILE END DO END LUDECOM Forward substitution Once LU decomposition is done, forward substitution gives matrix [Z]. Here again Single Instruction Multiple Data instructions are used [L][Z] = [V] for [Z] Backward substitution After forward substitution final step of backward substitution gives current matrix [I] [U][I] = [Z] for [I] Here again Single Instruction Multiple Data instructions are used 5. CACHE IMPROVEMENTS On profiling it is observed that the core processing in above solution happens to be LU decomposition. However if we create threads equal in number to available cores the result was improving but not in same proportion to the number of cores. A VALGRIND analysis of cache performance reveals that because of large size of matrix each row operation was suffering a performance hit due to cache misses happening. If we observe above solution it could be observed any jth is processed for (j – 1) columns. So (j – 1) threads are forked for each iteration of column major operation (LOOP A). The data to be processed refers to same memory location but by the time next operation or thread is forked for the same row the corresponding memory data had been pushed out of lower level caches. Thus cache miss happens. To solve this we adopted a forward seek approach wherein we first pre-process a set of columns sequentially thus enabling more operations on a row to be performed in the same thread. Now the data happens to be at lower level cache as we do not have to wait for another thread to process the same row. Multi core Algorithm with forward seek operation SUB LUDECOM_BLOCK_SEEK (A, K, S, BLOCK_START, BLOCK_END) DO I = BLOCK_START, BLOCK_END DO U = 1, S M = K + U -1 Ai, M = Ai, M / AM, j DO j = K + M + 1, N Ai, j = Ai, j Ai, M * AK, M END DO END DO END DO END LUDECOM_BLOCK SUB LUDECOM (A, N) K = 1 WHILE (K //Forward seek DO J = K, K + F_SEEK LU_DECOM_BLOCK_SEEK (A, J, 0, J, J+F_SEEK) END DO //Multi core K = K + F_SEEK DO L = 1, N – 1 BLOCK_SIZE = (N – L) / MAX_THREADS Thread = 0 WHILE (Thread P_THREAD ( LUDECOMPOSITION_BLOCK (A, L, F_SEEK, Thread*BLOCK_SIZE, Thread*(BLOCK_SIZE + 1) ) ENDWHILE END DO END WHILE END LUDECOM CONCLUSION Results For purpose of computation a sample array of double precision floating point matrix of size 40004000 was taken. Performance numbers were generated on an 8 core INTEL architecture machine. TABLE 4.i A programmer that writes implicitly parallel code does not need to worry about task division or process communication, focusing instead in the problem that his or her program is intended to solve. Implicit parallelism generally facilitates the design of parallel programs and therefore results in a substantial improvement of programmer productivity. Many of the constructs necessary to support this also add simplicity or clarity even in the absence of actual parallelism. The example above, of List comprehension in the sin() function, is a useful feature in of itself. By using implicit parallelism, languages effectively have to provide such useful constructs to users simply to support required functionality (a language without a decent for loop, for example, is one few programmers will use). Languages with implicit parallelism reduce the control that the programmer has over the parallel execution of the program, resulting sometimes in less-than-optimal solution The makers of the Oz programming language also note that their early experiments with implicit parallelism showed that implicit parallelism made debugging difficult and object models unnecessarily awkward.[2] A larger issue is that every program has some parallel and some serial logic. Binary I/O, for example, requires support for such serial operations as Write() and Seek(). If implicit parallelism is desired, this creates a new requirement for constructs and keywords to support code that cannot be threaded or distributed. REFERENCES Gottlieb, Allan; Almasi, George S. (1989).Highly parallel computing. Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings.ISBN0-8053-0177-1. S.V. Adve et al. (November 2008).Parallel Computing Research at Illinois: The UPCRC Agenda(PDF). [emailprotected], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The main techniques for these performance benefits– increased clock frequency and smarter but increasingly complex architectures– are now hitting the so-called power wall. The computer industry has accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processors (or cores) on a die, rather than making a single core go faster. Asanovic et al. Old [conventional wisdom]: Power is free, but transistors are expensive. New [conventional wisdom] is [that] power is expensive, but transistors are free Bunch, James R.;Hopcroft, John(1974), Triangular factorization and inversion by fast matrix multiplication,Mathematics of Computation28: 231–236,doi:10.2307/2005828,ISSN0025-5718. Cormen, Thomas H.;Leiserson, Charles E.;Rivest, Ronald L.;Stein, Clifford(2001),Introduction to Algorithms, MIT Press and McGraw-Hill,ISBN978-0-262-03293-3. Golub, Gene H.;Van Loan, Charles F.(1996),Matrix Computations(3rd ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins,ISBN978-0-8018-5414-9.